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Would that be equal to what I've heard called essentials or basics vs. non-essentials?
It is similar. Adiaphora is what we call things like what vestments the clergy should wear, whether the altar should be the central focus of the church, or the pulpit. But, adiaphora does sometimes stem from core beliefs. In my faith tradition, the sacraments are essential to worship, so the altar is in the center. Preaching God's Word is also important, but not so important as the sacraments, so we put the pulpit in front, but off to one side. In some of our churches, we use a pulpit on one side of the chancel for reading the Gospel and preaching, and a lectern on the other side for reading the Epistles and Old Testament lessons. But other of our churches now just use an ambo, which is the pulpit and lectern combined.
Some faith traditions, like the one I belong to, have compiled lengthy documents that summarize our interpretation of Scripture. We call ours a "confession", and consider ourselves a "confessional" church. Other faith traditions also have similar confession documents. We all place the word of Scripture as the ultimate source of all knowledge and understanding regarding matters of faith, but we recognize that some people might interpret the texts differently. We rely on our confessions as the most accurate summary that we puny humans are capable of, even though we recognize that as fallible humans, our confessions might also contain errors. We have faith that those errors are few, and that if there any important errors, the Holy Spirit will guide us to correct them.
Adiaphora is then, for us, those things not covered in our confessions.